Process of Becoming a Climax Community

A climax community is a relatively stable and undisturbed biological community of animals, plants, and fungi that have evolved into a steady state of development which secures the stability of all the collective  communities. Through a natural successional  process of instability, all individual  organism ecosystems simultaneously transition  through a series of more stabilizing stages where they all finally maintain their individual positions in the community and where they become stable from egg and seed to maturity. So, all biotic communities on earth engage in a forward-moving evolutionary process that takes place in several major defined steps or stages. Until climax completion, these transitional  stages are each called a serial stage or a  sere.  In other words, a sere is an intermediate stage found in  ecological succession  in an ecosystem advancing towards a particular organisms  climax community. In many cases, there is more than one serial stage to pass through before  climax conditions are attained. A serial community is a name given to each group of biota within the succession. A  primary succession  describes primarily the plant communities that occupy a site that has not previously been vegetated. These plants can also be described as the vegetative  pioneer community.   Defining Plant Succession To understand a climax plant community, you must first understand plant succession which is simply the replacement of one plant community by another. This can occur when soils and sites are so harsh that few plants can survive and takes a very long time for plants to establish a root-hold to begin the process of succession.  When destructive agents like fire, flood and insect epidemic destroy an existing plant community, plant establishment can happen very rapidly. Primary plant succession starts on raw unvegetated land and usually  exists as a sand dune, an earth slide, a lava flow, a rock surface or a retreating glacier. It is obvious that these harsh conditions for plants would take eons for this type of exposed earth to decompose to support higher plants (with the exception of the earth slide which would start plant succession fairly quickly). Secondary plant succession generally starts on a site where some disturbance has set back a previous succession. The sere  can be continually setback which then lengthens the period to a potential  final plant community climax condition. Agricultural practices, periodic logging, pest epidemics, and wildland fire are the most common agents of secondary plant succession setbacks. Can You Define a Climax Forest? A plant community that is dominated by trees representing the last stage of natural succession  for that specific locality and environment, to some, is considered a climax forest. The name usually given to any particular climax forest is the name of the primary existing tree species and or its regional location. To be a climax forest, the trees growing within a particular geographic region should remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as the site remains undisturbed. But, is this really a climax forest or just another late sere  that has avoided disturbance the longest. Do foresters who only manage trees over decades know enough to determine a climax forest and assume it to be the equivalent of late-stage succession? Should speculative ecologists conclude that there can never be a climax forest because cyclical disturbance (both natural and human-caused) will always be a constant in North American forests? The Climax Debate Is Still With Us The first published discussion(s) on the existence of climax communities started nearly a century ago with foundational papers written by two ecologists, Frederick Clements, and Henry Gleason. Their ideas were debated over decades and definitions of a climax changed with a greater understanding of a new science called ecology. Political winds also confused the topic with terms like virgin forests and old-growth forests. Today, most ecologists agree that climax communities are not common in the real world. They also agree that most exist in space and time and can be observed on large  time scales of many decades and on wide ranges of an  area, from a dozen acres to thousands of acres. Others believe that there can never be a real climax community because of constant disturbance over time. Foresters have adopted a silviculturally practical approach when managing large stable communities of climax tree species. They use and name a climax forest to be the final sere in terms of the stabilization of major tree species. These conditions are observed on a human timescale and can maintain specific tree species and other plants over hundreds of years. Examples of some of these are:   The coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest.The wetlands  in North America.The redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests.Beech-maple of the North American Northeast.

Research On Subjective Experiences Of A Social...

doctoral study proposals. Qualitative researchers focus on subjective experiences of human beings in a social environment, based on individual perspectives (Liamputtong, 2010). Qualitative research deals with interpretive data from natural settings and individual perceptions and experiences (Erlingsson Brysiewicz, 2013). Researchers should be aware of the different experiences of the participants in the study (Erlingsson Brysiewicz, 2013). A qualitative method allows a researcher to assess the qualities of participants’ lived experiences in an inductive process that relates to theory development (Peredaryenko Krauss, 2013). A qualitative method is appropriate for this study because it will help me to become knowledgeable about the experiences, processes, and events of consultants and executives in small retail storefront travel agencies (Bluhm, Harman, Lee, Mitchell, 2011). According to Bettiol et al. (2012), a qualitative method is useful for exploring marketing in bus inesses and understanding business activities in companies. A qualitative method is beneficial in determining how small businesses market products and services (O’Donnell et al., 2011). Quantitative research methods comprise surveys: questionnaires or interviews and experiments: field or laboratory. Surveys are the primary method of quantitative research. Quantitative studies use statistical analysis to determine if significant differences exist between groups (Carpenter, Harding,Show MoreRelatedThe Theoretical Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Methods Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe sociologist is interested in understanding the self, other, and social environment, questioning and searching for an interpretation of the common, everyday, and taken for granted. 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Content theories – These theories analyze the motives and underlying drivers of human behavior. It is based on the assumption that main intention behind human behavior is

J. Crew Company Analysis Free Essays

string(82) " seen as a style with practical women in finely cut business suits and overcoats\." I. Problem Definition J. Crew at Stonestown mall is having difficulty targeting San Francisco State students to shop at their store, even when J. We will write a custom essay sample on J. Crew Company Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crew offers a 15% off discount to college students. J. Crew is a very successful brand that reaches out to young business professionals; however J. Crew, specifically at Stonestown mall, is having difficulty reaching out to the college students at San Francisco State University. J. Crew believes the students at SFSU are a smart target to reach, considering the University is located right next to the Stonestown mall. Although J. Crew believes the college students are smart target to reach, many students are unaware of the student discount they offer. Looking over J. Crew’s past marketing campaigns, they have used older looking models. When doing our research, we noticed that J. Crew’s top competitors: GAP (Banana Republic), and BCBG use younger, college age range, type of models. With this is mind, we feel that the best advertising campaign is to follow their competitors and choose younger looking models, in order to reach out to the college market. J. Crew’s competitors use fun advertising methods to reach out to a younger market. We noticed in all of GAP holiday commercials, the young models are jumping around having a good time. We get a sense of fun and playful energy from the commercial, which could draw in college students. Gap also gives off a feel of comfort, casual and trendy style in clothing for the everyday college wear. We feel that if J. Crew starts advertising with younger looking models emphasizing on basic wear of a typical college student, J. Crew may have better success at reaching out to the SFSU students. II. Advertising Objective Our main advertising objective is to gain attention of the college students. The goal of our advertising campaign is to create interest for the brand and thus to encourage college students (the target audience) to make an initial purchase of a J. Crew products. Advertisement should seek to tell the market about J. Crew’s products, emphasize the quality and fashion of the products, and last but not least build awareness of the company. We can typically employ creative advertising strategies in order to cut through other competing advertisements. III. Situational Analysis J. Crew first debuted in 1983 as a catalog only shopping experience by Arthur Cinader. Six years later he opened its first flagship store in South Street Seaport New York. J. Crew is American clothing and accessories for men and women. They recently added several line extensions such as â€Å"Crewcuts† for children ages 2-12, â€Å"J. Crew weddings and Parties†, and â€Å"J. Crew Collection† for limited edition pieces. The retailer is known for its young and preppy fashions including jeans, khaki’s, and other basics that are quite pricy and targeted to young professionals. They have 300 stores worldwide including the website and catalog. In 2003 Millard Drexler the former CEO of Gap Inc. ecame the new CEO for J. Crew by pushing service, quality and innovation to the next level. This caused so much controversy with the two companies, being that they are major competitors. J. Crew partners with the best fabric mills and craftsmen such as Jack Purcell, Timex, Thomas Mason, and Red Wing to get the best quality goods. J. Crew is continuing to exp and their retail series with specialty boutiques such as Men’s only shops that specializes in Suiting and Madewell a modernized interpretation of an American denim label founded in 1937 which targets women ages 18-40. Although we think J. Crew does good overall, the Stonestown mall wants to gain attention of the college students because they offer a student/teacher discount. The problem is many of the college students don’t shop at J. Crew because they don’t know much about it. Swot Analysis: J. Crew for the college audience Strengths †¢Over 300 stores in the United States †¢E-commerce website (convenience) †¢Discount sales ongoing †¢Multiple lines for different age categories Weaknesses †¢Too Pricey for the normal college student †¢Targeted more for the young â€Å"Business† professionals †¢No commercials aired/ Advertisements are few Opportunities Target advertisements to that particular age group †¢Possible commercial advertisement for future †¢Expand to new segments of the young market Threats †¢Increased competition of Gap Inc. †¢During the recession students do not have the luxury to spend on pricey clothing †¢Increased celebrity ad vertisement of competitors †¢More discounted sales at competitors IV. Target Audience Demographics For our advertising plan we will target young college students living in the city. These students will be mainly females, as college female students are more willing to pay good money for their clothing than male students. Because our target audience consists mostly of young college students, most will be seen as single. The typical consumer will only make about $12,000 annually or less, most with part time jobs and attending school full time. Psychographics: The psychographics of our target audience will be students living in dorms and on the campus. We will also target young adults living in apartments near college campus life. Most young students don’t mind a little shopping to help them cope with a bad grade or too much studying. These students will be found around the mall regularly and will be shopping at competing stores like GAP. These consumers will be living the college life, learning to be professional in school as well as out. They should enjoy social gatherings and night events where they can show off their style. We will target students that are often in search for discounts at high end stores, looking for long lasting quality in basic casual as well as professional clothing. They need to be able to finance their money well and buy good quality products with long durability. Profile of Typical Target Consumer †¢Female †¢18-25 years old †¢Single †¢College education †¢Part-time job †¢Aware of quality price †¢Regular shopper †¢Sociable †¢Enjoys nightlife †¢Active in the community †¢Stylish/Fashionable †¢Full-time Student V. Consumers’ Perceptions Our consumers’ perception of the brand, J. Crew, usually entails the style they advertise in commercials and television. J. Crew can be seen as a style with practical women in finely cut business suits and overcoats. You read "J. Crew Company Analysis" in category "Papers" When most people visualize the company they visualize classy and professional clothing. The problem is they are not seen as the standard, like Gap, for instance, they lack the basic necessities to attract young college students. J. Crew just wants to maintain its professional status, but attract a younger crowd who are establishing their position in the real world applying and interview for jobs. When walking into the store, consumers see bright lights and a variety of fabrics and styles. The dresses range from simple around the house to dressy date-night dresses. The one-thing consumers’ can expect to see when entering J. Crew is the variety of clothing. Consumers’ can perceive clothing brands based on what they see on television, advertisements, and magazines. For instance, there was a point during the election, when Michelle Obama was wearing all J. Crew clothing. After seeing this, consumers’ then compare their own lives to the First Lady and the President. It gives off the intention that people wearing J. Crew are wealthy and extremely successful individuals. This perception is false because not everyone needs to be wealthy to afford this clothing. Many people are looking for a good way to be fashionable and professional at the same time. J. Crew provides high quality clothing for a good price. This store may seem more expensive, but price goes hand and hand with quality. College students can choose to buy cheaper clothes, but they can’t be guaranteed to last as long as higher quality fabrics. While, if they were to buy clothing from J. Crew, a high-end clothing company, their clothes would last longer and there would be no need for repurchasing products. According to youlookfab. com one of the customer’s comment on how the preppy and fashionable products were expensive, but the quality and drape were impeccable. Other opinions on J. Crew revolve around the age range of the clothing. Most people look at J. Crew as clothing for older more mature audiences. They believe it should be for women in their 40’s or older. This is a common misconception as the style is mostly for a professional look, but for a young professional style. Models often used in the J. Crew magazine, most recently, are younger looking professionals with a modern feel to them. The store has become more mainstream recently, but still continues to maintain innovative colors and ensemble combinations. J. Crew keeps their nice basics and people can often leave the house wearing their attire from head to toe. Consumers’ often perceive J. Crew as currently declining in quality and have problems with sizes and overall fit. As sizes and fit compare depending on the consumer, the fit would be made specifically for younger professionals. As for quality, our prices may have been declining, but our quality can be just as durable as before. As all retail stores were hit hard in the economy, many stores have decreased in overall price. Quality can often be an issue to those who have over worn a piece of clothing. Many customers will find J. Crew products at a rack store or a second hand store and buy them there. Even though they are usually a few years older, they still remain in good condition as if they had never been worn. This contributes to the proof of quality as well as durability in J. Crew clothing. Consumers will always find a way to agree or disagree, but the best we can do to keep those customers content is to create good quality clothing at a sufficient price, producing long lasting and stylish clothing for both professional and casual occasions. VI. The Competition Swot Analysis: GAP INC. Strengths 3,143 stores in the United States †¢518 stores Internationally (Ireland, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, France) †¢Dominants clothing market â€Å"clothes for the family† †¢Socially responsible campaigns: VOTE, (RED) aids awareness, reducing waste, and strongly concerned about supply chain †¢Lots of commercials aired daily †¢Many young celebrity endorsem ents †¢Multiple lines for different age groups (Banana, Piperlime, Old Navy, Athleta) Weakness †¢Consumers can view low prices as low quality products †¢Not fashion forward for college students more concentrated on Basics †¢Does not create a unique niche in market Opportunities †¢Continue to gain attention with popular celebrities amongst college age students †¢Continue to expand on the new denim line, with high quality fabrics †¢Started working with new upcoming designers to feature in stores at a low cost †¢Expand accessories Threats †¢HM is a high threat for Gap Inc with low priced fashionable goods and widespread †¢Competitors lowering prices due to the economic downturn Swot Analysis: BCBG Max Azria Strengths †¢Global women’s contemporary fashion †¢9,000 stores over 45 countries and 5 continents †¢Make women look and feel beautiful Recognizable brand and customer loyalty †¢E-commerce website †¢Specializes in fashionable business attire and special occasion dresses †¢Mailers to customers due to in-store customer database †¢Multiple lines for different age groups Weakness †¢Not to many advertisements †¢No commercials †¢Very pricy for college students Oppo rtunities †¢Expand on advertisement †¢Expand on BCBGeneration stores (targeted to college students) and only can be found at Macy’s. Threats †¢Due to the recession consumers are looking for fashionable goods at a low price at stores such as: HM, ZARA, and MANGO. Being mass distributed to chains such as Nordstrom, Macy’s, and Bloomingdales where they can offer sales promotions, which will deter consumers to go to actually BCBG stores. VII. The Creative Strategy A. The Single Most Compelling Benefit Our Brand Can Offer to Our Target Consumers For J. Crew, we are using a differentiation strategy using their special student discount, which makes it unique and puts it up against regular retailers whom do not offer such discounts. J. Crew offers a special student and teacher discount of fifteen percent off of all regular priced items, sale items are not included in the discount. This offer is valid for any in-store purchase until the student graduates, and all that is needed is a student identification card. In our current economic situation today, people are more conscious with their spending and hold on to tighter budgets. Luxury clothes are not as affordable as they used to be. Most consumers’ perceptions of J. Crew are that it is an expensive clothing brand. They think that they get better deals from retailers who have the same clothes for cheaper prices. As we promote J. Crew’s student discount and basic clothing items, we have a particular target market in mind. We are looking at this offer as an option or alternative for example, against the retail competition. It is an offer whose benefits are best maximized around college campuses and young professional environments. The discount solves the problem for students who want a back to school shopping spree that is easier on the budget. When we look at dollar value with regards to J. Crew, it is not just the discount itself that we are looking at but also the long-term utilization of the back to school basic items that have multi-purpose uses. So when you think of J. Crew clothing you might want to consider it as an investment, not as an expensive luxury. After all, same with any product you consider buying, you would rather put your money on quality and reliability over a cheaper product that will not last you nearly as long. What is even better about J. Crew is that it is a long term savings on your clothing budget and it will not be as affected by rising clothing prices due to its special student discount. You get more quality per dollar with J. Crew than any other clothing store. With more quality per dollar, consumers can wear their clothes for longer and consume less clothing, which means a lot of savings on their clothing budget. Consumers will feel comfortable wearing J. Crew because they know they are wearing a luxurious brand and saving money at the same time. Now consumers do not need to shop at the cheaper retailers as often as they used to and keep their money in their wallets for much longer. B. Support: Why Should College Students Shop Here? J. Crew is prominently known for being a luxurious clothing brand with higher prices. The brand features collections of men’s and women’s clothing, accessories, and shoes, in â€Å"classic styles† with a J. Crew â€Å"twist†. Many of the products feature luxury materials such as Italian cashmere and leather, Czech glass buttons, and British wool. J. Crew is the perfect brand to wear every day because it does the savings for you. When buying the back to school basics, you are not only using these items for a professional setting, but also in your everyday school and recreational outfits. The average college student would not normally be interested in shopping at J. Crew, but if they are informed of the college student discount and the basic clothing items that they offer, it will be more enticing to shop there. The biggest push is raising awareness of the student discount because most students are unaware of it. Since J. Crew is not advertised often, it would be most efficient to raise awareness to college students on college campuses with flyers or online through Facebook. When they become aware, it will make them interested to see what the store sells and perhaps tempt the student to visit a local store or shop online. During a visit in store or online, the consumer will notice the advertised â€Å"Back to School Basics† and special student discount emphasizing the basic clothing items. These basic clothing items will be more appealing to students who now know that they can get regular discounts on clothes that they can wear everyday for any occasion. Basic clothing items and professional items will be a great investment for the average J. Crew shopper and many others. The average J. Crew shoppers are females ranging from ages 18-49. Most of these consumers are young professionals or part of families with incomes of $60,000 and greater. The shoppers who are in the age range of 18-49 and do not necessarily have the money to regularly shop at J. Crew, should have a chance to purchase basic clothing items and young professional attire. The important idea of buying J. Crew clothing is that it can not only be worn on teachers and students at school or in everyday recreation, but also when you graduate and get a job in the real world you can still wear the clothes for casual or business attire. C. Tone of Advertising When it comes to J. Crew, consumer’s original thoughts are: expensive, elegant, and older professional. We would like to use a tone to raise awareness to college students and young professionals that would slightly alter a consumer’s thoughts. The tone that we would like to use would be young, playful, trendy, and basic. The tone would push the young professional look and â€Å"Back to Basics† slogan around back to school shopping time. J. Crew does not have commercials so implementing commercials with a young, playful, and happy tone would be most effective. These commercials would include young, professional looking adults jumping and dancing around with popular music in the background. The actors in the commercial would be wearing a mixture of basic items and professional items that are in all different colors to make the commercial appealing to the eye and promote the basics that people may not have noticed before. The idea in this would be to make J. Crew’s advertising more like GAP’s and have it start appealing to more of the college kids and young professionals. GAP’s 2009 Holiday Commercial is the perfect example of the tone J. Crew should promote. Most importantly, these advertisements and commercials need to promote money savings (such as the student/teacher discount) and â€Å"Back to School Basics†. The most important things to a college student is saving money, and looking good while doing so. If J. Crew follows this newly thought out plan, they will accomplish just that! VIII. The Creative Brief J. Crew, specifically at Stonestown mall, is having difficulty reaching out to the college students at San Francisco State University. J. Crew is mainly categorized as expensive and for an older professional. By changing their advertisement strategies to have a younger feel, we hope to gain awareness of college students at SFSU. Our advertising plan will focus on college students and young professionals. These students will be mainly females and most will be seen as single. They will make about $12,000 annually or less, most with part time jobs and attending school full time. College students usually enjoy social gatherings and night events where they can show off their style. They are looking for long lasting quality in basic casual and trendy clothes. Most college students visualize J. Crew as classy and old professional clothing. The brand is seen as expensive but college students regard J. Crew products as being high quality. The single most compelling idea we need to communicate to our target market is that fact J. Crew allows college students to wear high quality and fashionable clothes, while saving money at the same time. J. Crew is prominently known for being a luxurious clothing brand with higher prices. But the brand has also basic clothing items for the typical college student on which they can get regular discounts. Our desired brand personality/tone of J. Crew should be a young, playful, and trendy How to cite J. Crew Company Analysis, Papers

Project Management Systems Approach To Planning - Scheduling - and Cont

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Systems Approach To Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling? Answer: Primary data All data and information obtained by the researcher himself in for some specific reason is known as primary data. Primary data is collected by surveys, interviews or by focusing on groups and discussing the research topic (Burke 2013). The advantage of primary data is that the researcher can focus on both the qualitative and the quantitative issue of the research. Primary research can be very expensive, as the researcher has to develop and execute a research plan. This can also be time consuming and low response rate has to be expected from primary research. Secondary data Secondary data is the data that is collected from the primary data. Someone else already collected this data, previously. The common methods of secondary data collection are census, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies orqualitative research. Secondary data collection techniques save time and are less costly than the primary data. Creating plan for data collection (Primary and Secondary) Quantitative and qualitative data are the two types of data that are available where data can be in the form of photographs, charts and images, verses, details, statistics, etc. (Pawar 2004) stated that quantitative data are the data that can be expressed in numbers and are gathered from surveys, questionnaires, trails, etc. Qualitative data are those that cannot be expressed in numbers and they represent the nominal scale data like socio economic data, gender, etc. It is necessary for the researcher to gather data to carry out the research and generate a better output. Though primary data can be collected in various ways of research, interviews or observation, interviews are the important ways to get the data as customers feedback are very important. To collect primary data, a company can use their sites, ecommerce link for survey by adding short questionnaire (Van De Walle Turoff and Hiltz 2014). To collect secondary data, they are collected from the already-existed data and this m akes the data collection easier. Primary data collection is a tougher task, which begins with proper planning of the survey, developing of questionnaire, interviews of various kinds, customers observation and other available methods. Presenting the sampling frame and methodology used in the research The methodology is considered as a tool for collecting data for a particular research. This case deals with collection of important information about the requirements, likings and disliking, products knowledge, additional values needed, improved ideas for invention , etc., of cyclists. For this, closed questions and open questions are used to make survey question list. Curwin and Burke (2013) stated that questionnaire and surveys are the two ways to conduct the survey. Qualitative assessment and quantitative design are the two other ways to do the survey. Probability sampling and non-probability sampling are the two types of sampling that have different approaches in sampling techniques. Cluster sampling, simple random sampling, stratified sampling and systematic sampling methods are probability-sampling methods. Snowball sample method, quota sampling and judgmental sample methods are the non-probability sampling methods. For this survey, open-end questions and close end questions, b oth are appropriate for survey and non-probability sampling technique is the appropriate to carry out data sampling. Questionnaire for the specified issues of the business Dear Customer, A2Delicios Ltd group have many restaurants around London. With customer-oriented services, we are always eager to fill the expectations of the customers by offering a range of customer oriented services. We would like you to answer few questions to regarding clients expectation and help us to know your views. We thank you in advance for giving your precious time to answer the questions and fill up the questionnaire. We are looking forward to serve you better in the near future. Best regards, To, The manager, A2Delicious Ltd Name: Age: Gender: - Male - Female - Address: Are you satisfied with the dealing process of A2Ltd: - Yes No Please specify the reason if your answer is no:- Please mark within the marking range of 1-5 (1-Unsatisfied, 2-Good, 3-Very Good, 4-Satisfied, 5-Exceed expectation) The questionnaire Exceedingly Happy Satisfied Unsatisfied Very good Good Overall food quality of the restaurant Overall drinks satisfaction Service in the A2Delcious Service after the sales Customer service of our restaurant compared to other restaurant Do you think that the price charged for the foods and the drinks is reasonable - Yes - No - Kindly state the reason if your answer is No: Is the restaurant recommendable to others - Yes No Your comments for us to carry out constant development process The attached envelop should be used for dispatching your survey answer Creating information aid for A2D limited by data summarization by using mean- median- mode Year Marketing and Advertisement (000) Sales Figures (000) 2007 25 120 2008 28 150 2009 30 170 2010 26 190 2011 27 210 2012 25 230 2013 22 200 Mean is defined as the average value derived from a set of collected data. In the given example, the average demand is known as the arithmetic mean of the problem. The average represents the mean size of the population. The total advertising expenditure turned out to be 183 (000). There are 7 consecutive years from 2007 to 2013. The average advertising expenditure for these 7 years is 183/7 = 26.14 (000). The total food sales (000) was 1270. There were 7 consecutive years from 2007 to 2013. Therefore, the mean food sales for the 7 years was 1270/7 = 181.429 (00). The company, A2D, had less expenditure for advertising. However, the advertising expenditure was less than the average, but the sales of the food increased in every year. This hinted at the fact that though the amount spent on advertising was less, but the selling of food had increased over the years, which was due to the previous advertisements (Anderson et al. 2014). The customers had faith on the products of the company and thus they were loyal toward the company. AD2 performed well during the year 2011, 2012 compared to the previous years, though there was a slight decrease in food sales during 2013. Mode is that measure that gives the most frequently occurring value of the data set. Modal value can be easily found out. From the given surveyed values, it was found that the modal value of Advertising expenditure (000) was 25 while the modal value of Food sales (000) was 0. Thus, there was a repeat value for Advertising expenditure but there was no repeat value for Food sales. Median is the measure when the data are ordered. Median is the middle most number of an ordered data set. Median for Advertising expenditure was found out to be 26 and the median for Food sales was 190. The data set of Advertising expenditure (000) follows a uniform distribution as the mean, median and mode are nearly equal. They also follow a symmetrical pattern. Analyzing the obtained results to derive business results for the chosen company The above table highlights that the advertising expenditure in the year 2009, 30000pounds, was maximum. The advertising expenditure was increasing from the year 2007 and it reached its maximum of 30000 pounds in the year 2009. This expenditure was beyond the average expenditure of 26000 pounds. Therefore, the company spent lots of money on advertising during this period. The advertising expenditure started decreasing from the year 2010 and reached its minimum of 22000 pounds in the year 2013. Thus, the advertising expenditure was below the average expenditure of 26000 pounds by 2013. It was also seen from the above chart that the food sales were increasing from 2007 to 2012 steadily. However, in 2013, the food sale decreased by 30000 pound from 2012. In 2013, though the food sale was above average of 181000 pounds, but there was a decrease in the sale. The reason may be due to the decrease in advertising expenditure or may be the customers had lost faith in A2D limited. From the year 2007 to 2009, the food sale of A2D limited was below the average of 181000 pounds. There were no extreme values for food sales or advertising expenditure. There can be an improvement in the organization in the near future by not letting the advertisement expenditure cross the average of 26140 pounds per year and to check that the average food sale do not fall below the average sale of 181000 pounds per year. There must be a constant growth in the food sale keeping the advertisement cost below the average. The company must target in long-term achievements in food sales. It was seen that the business increased as the food sales increased on an average of 20000 pounds every year. This increase in food sale must be increased more in order to flourish the business. They must also reach to more customers by various other means other than advertisement by keeping the advertisement expenditure below the average. Data Analysis by usage of inter quartile range and Standard Deviation for the business stakeholders min 22 120 max 30 230 range 8 110 Q1 25 160 Q3 27.5 205 IR (Q3-Q1) 2.5 45 standard deviation 2.544836 37.607 Table 1: Measures of dispersion (Source: created by author) The difference between the maximum and minimum values of a data set is known as range which tells us about the spread of the data. The range is a poor measure of dispersion as it gets highly influenced by the extreme values. From the given figures, the range for advertising expenditure is 8000 pounds and that of food sale is 110000 pounds. A2D limited can make this range smaller and they could keep it near the averages during the forward movement of the business. Inter-quartile range is the difference between the 3rd quartile and the 1st quartile. This shows the distribution of the middle part of the data set. Standard deviation is the systematic measure of dispersion that is the average measurement of distance of data values from the mean of the data. Lower the standard deviation, higher is the accuracy of the data. Standard deviation does not depend upon the sample size. The standard deviation for the advertising expenditure is 2.54, which is less. This is because the company wanted to reduce the advertising expenditure while the standard deviation of foods sales is 37.61. This is because the company was steadily increasing its sales over the last 7 years. Thus, it could be seen that there was a steady increase in the business and there was development in the business (Gravetter and Wallnau 2016). Explaining the process of deriving business decisions through usage of Quartiles, Percentiles and Correlation Coefficient The correlation coefficient between the two data sets shows -0.2463. The correlation coefficient here is negative which indicates that the increase in one variable led to the decrease in another variable. Here, decrease in advertising cost led to the increase in food sales. However, the correlation coefficient is very weak, 0.2463, which concluded that advertising actually had not helped A2D in increase in its food sales (Anderson et al. 2014). However, the reality is different as we can see that when A2D first opened, its advertising cost was 25000 pounds and the foods sale was 120000 pounds. As years passed by, the advertising cost decreased while the food sale increased, though there was an increase in advertising expenditure from 2007 to 2009 and it decreased thereafter. The food sale, though, continued to increase until 2012 and there was a slight decrease in 2013. Few recommendations are required for further increase in business and better business. Attracting more customers would indirectly lead to the promotion of A2D, as these customers would recommend the restaurant to other customers as well. The restaurant does not have to pay for the promotion and it would be promoted without the knowledge of the customers. The restaurant must also provide discounts on bills or free first drinks, etc. to its customers in order to attract more of them. Quartiles and percentiles are other measures of analysis. The Q1 and Q3 of advertising expenditure is 25 and 160, while that of food sales is 27.5 and 205. The first 25% of data for advertising expenditure lies within the values of 25 and the last 25% beyond 160. For, food sales, the first 25% data lie within 27.5 while the last 25% is beyond 205. Percentiles are almost same as quartiles where Q1 is the 25th percentile, Q2 is the 50th percentile, and i.e. the median of the data and Q3 is the 75th percentile of the data. The results of the percentile can be explained in the same manner as quartiles. Year Advertising expenditure (000) FFood sales (000) 2007 25 1120 2008 28 1150 2009 30 1170 2010 26 1190 2011 27 2210 2012 25 2230 2013 22 2200 Graphical representation for deriving Business Conclusion (Bar, Pie and Line Charts) Chart 1: pie chart of advertising expenditure (Source: created by author) This shows that the advertising expenditure increased over 1st 4 years and then it decreased for the next 3 years. A2D had been trying to modify their expenditures before and the expenditures started decreasing from 2010. Chart 2: pie chart of food sales (Source: created by author) The food sales steadily increased till 2012 and then it decreased a little on 2013. There could be different offers that came up which increased the sale of A2D. Also, increase in population and tourists might lead to increase in the sale of A2D as years passed by. Chart 3: line chart of food sales and advertising expenditure (Source: created by author) Line chart shows that the business of A2D was low during 2007. This was the beginning year of A2D. So this could be the reason for its low business. The food sales increased as year passed by and 2012 saw the maximum sales which could be the effect of London Olympics or the well advertising effects. Chart 4: bar graph of food sales and advertising expenditure (Source: created by author) The bar graph shows that the advertising cost was lower than the food sale which was good business. It also shows that there was a steady increase in the food sale though there ws a decrease in it in 2013 which may be due to recession. Sales and Expenses forecast with scatter diagram and trend lines Chart 5: scatter plot of advertising expenditure (Source: created by author) Chart 6: scatter plot of food sales (Source: created by author) The scatter plot along with the trend lines shows that the food sale of A2D is increasing every year and the predicted value of it by 2015 is 270,000 pound. The scatter plot also shows that the advertising expenditure is showing a downward trend and it is getting minimised every year. The expected advertising cost by 2015 is 24,000 pound. Dissemination of Business information for business presentation Formal Business Report based on the findings from Task 3.1 to 3.3 A2D started its business in 2007. This chain of restaurant is famous for its African and European dishes. It has 20 restaurants in London (South) and wants to increase its business in west London. For this the company is conducting a survey to forecast the business know the destiny of the organisation. The relationship between the sales and advertising is seen as a positive relationship that will help the business to grow in the near future. Once the restaurant is famous, its growth in the business is obvious even if the advertising cost decreases. Conclusion and Recommendation A2D has potential in performing well in the business. It can be recommended that strong promotional words could be used to promote the restaurant which will also decrease the cost of advertising as these words will spread by the customers itself. The business could be expanded not only in the west London, but also in the other parts of London, though research and survey must be conducted well before the onset of the business. The forecast of the business is pretty well. Predictions must be done carefully so as to avoid troubles and loss in the near future and changes can be made if problem arises. Management information system The study of people, technology, organization and the relationships between them is known as management information systems(MIS) which helps a firm to know the maximum profit from the investments and services using the technologies. These are typically computer systems used for managing data and analyze the market to help he firm know about their future growth (Walle et al. 2014.). This term , academically, means the study of individuals and organizations and how they evaluate their plans , designs , and manage and implement their systems for generating information regarding the maximum profit from the investments. A2d could manage their orders by using different methods such as card scheme. They can also keep a track of the orders and manage them accordingly. The inventory department of the restaurant could keep a track of the preferred orders and they can suggest the restaurant for the dishes that are preferred by the costumers. Thus the organization could have a proper arrangement of orders that are preferred by its customers. They can also ask for feed backs from the customers. Project Management The process in which the project is planned, organized, motivated and the resources are controlled to achieved the desired goals is known as project management(Burke, 2013.). Here, various constraints are figured out and work is done upon them to minimise the constraints and maximize the profit of the organisation. Various technical skills and managerial skills are used to make the project management a successful one so that the business has a profit for it(Kerzner, 2013). References Kerzner, H.R., 2013. Project Management: A Systems Approach To Planning, Scheduling, And Controlling. John Wiley Sons Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques New Jersey, USA. Van De Walle, B., Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R., 2014 Information systems for emergency management. Routledge. Anderson, D., Sweeney, D., Williams, T., Camm, J. and Cochran, J., 2014. Essentials of statistics for business and economics Cengage Learning Gravetter, F. and Wallnau, L., 2016. Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Cengage Learning.

University of Bahrain Essays - Latter Day Saint Movement

University of Bahrain Department of English Language Year: 2016- 2017 The Mormons Research Paper 57150033020 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal Course: American Multiculturalism 411 The Content The Introduction . Page (3 - 4) The Body .. Page (5 - 7) The Conclusion . Page (8 - 9) References ... Page (10) Introduction Mormons have always had a peculiar hold on the American imagination, but few know who the Mormons actually are or who they claim to be, and their story is one of the great neglected American narratives. Mormonism is a way of life that is practiced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Over two-thirds of the church's membership is in the United States. However, members are also located in many other countries around the world. Mormons use the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and two other books or revelations to Joseph Smith, founder of the church. These other two revelations are the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. The Mormon organization consists of a three member First Presidency and a twelve man Council of Apostles who make up the major policy-making body of the church. Mormonism's founding doctrine was based on the assumption that Christianity was corrupt and that it was necessary to restore the "true" Christian gospel. The Mormon Church sees only itself as recognized by God. Joseph Smith founded the church in New York in 1830. He said that he had visions of God and other heavenly beings that told him to establish the restored Christian Church. He was "directed" to some thin metal plates that he translated into what is now called the book of Mormons. This book describes the history, wars, and religious beliefs of a group of people who migrated from Jerusalem to America. Smith attracted a small group of followers who settled in Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri. Because of persecution, the church moved to northern Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. The people of Illinois welcomed the persecuted Mormons, and Smith began to construct a temple and a hotel there. In 1843, Smith secretly instituted the practice of plural marriage among a group of his followers. This could be because he himself had 50 wives. The Mormons lived in relative peace until 1844 when a group became mad about Smith's practices. They started a newspaper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" and attacked him, accusing him of practicing polygamy. Smith denied this charge but was killed anyway. Brigham Young took over as their new leader. In 1852, polygamy was officially announced at the Mormon conference. The Body The Mormon Church Is a conservative religion focused on family values and strong participation in community service. It is an unspoken rule that all men must complete a mission during which time there sent around the world for two years to proselytize and convert others to the Mormon faith. These young boys are taken from their church and the members claim that their faith in the word and the messages received by Joseph Smith is so strong that they are willing to put their faith in the hands of young boys. While an interesting joke, church does have significantly more text than most Christian faiths. In addition to the Old Testament and the New Testament members of the Mormon Church add to their scriptures the book of Mormon, the pearl of great price, and doctrine and covenants. It is said that these additional scriptures were founded by Joseph Smith at the direction of an angel, uncovered and translated in spite of his ignorance and Illiteracy were translated after which they w ere taken back up to heaven. Mormons believe that God has a clear plan for each of us. This plan is thought to have begun before we came to earth, and which will continue after this life. Those beliefs are written in thirteen clear declarations known as: "The Articles of Faith". Many religions have a written creed that clearly establishes beliefs and practices for that religion. The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints does not have such a strict creed as a code of faith; rather they recognize the

Demasiado Spanish Word Usage

Demasiado Spanish Word Usage Demasiado is a common adjective or adverb that usually carries the idea of too, too much, too many, excessive or excessively. When used as an adjective, demasiado precedes the noun it refers to and agrees in number and gender with it. Demasiado can also appear in the predicate of a sentence following a form of ser. Tres partidos polà ­ticos son demasiados. Three political parties are too many. Hay demasiado azà ºcar en los cereales de los nià ±os. There is too much sugar in childrens cereals. Fue demasiada la tentacià ³n. The temptation was too much. Tener demasiados amigos en Facebook provoca estrà ©s y culpa. Having too many friends on Facebook causes stress and guilt.  ¿Se puede tener demasiado amor, demasiada fe o demasiada honestidad? Considero que no. Can one have too much love, too much faith or too much honesty? I think not. As an adverb, demasiado is invariable - that is, it doesnt change in form. It typically comes before any adjective or adverb it affects the meaning of but after any such verb. El verano llegà ³ demasiado rpido. Summer arrived too quickly. El expresidente habla demasiado y sus declaraciones son desatinadas. The former president talks too much and his statements are foolish. Dicen que los coches ecolà ³gicos son demasiado caros. They say green cars are too expensive. Soy demasiado inteligente para creer en esas cosas. Im too smart to believe in those things. Las reas brillantes pueden aparecer demasiado blancas en las fotos. Bright areas can seem too white in the photos. El problema es que mi marido trabaja demasiado. The problem is that my husband works too much. In popular speech, you may sometimes hear demasiado as an adverb made to agree with an adjective it refers to, but this is not considered grammatically proper Spanish. As an exception to the rule, however, it is correct to make demasiado agree with forms of poco: Pasan demasiadas cosas en demasiadas pocas pginas. Too many things happen in too few pages. Sample sentences are adapted from a variety of sources. Among those used in preparaing this lesson: Tiempo (Honduras), ABC (Spain), San-Pablo.com.ar, Bogo de la web, Actualidad Motor, Reina del Cielo, Ideeleradio, Sony.es, ForoAmor.com, Cinemascope.

Reduce stress in life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reduce stress in life - Assignment Example For example, not enough time of the day to deal with personal issues and work; need to find another higher pay job to afford endless bills. In my case, working fulltime while attend school full-time; a baby is on the way at the same time and not to mention I am a first time mum. However, I do not believe that a stress free life is possible and realistic. Stress is a response to challenges in life that occurred around us and many of these challenges cannot be avoided. As adult, we need to learn to confront the stressful situation, learn to find causes and to escape or cope with the stress around us. Mitigating of stress remains a major concern in every individual and this can only be achieved through the development of new behaviors. However, breaking from the old habits and adopting best practices remains a major challenge to a number of people due to the comfort that the old offers despite the stress that we face as a result of them. In this paper, shading of old traits as a way of mitigating stress will be discussed in line with a number of psychological theories and application (King, Singh, Bernard Merianos, & Vidourek, 2012). The management of stress is essential in the development of a normal life and this makes the description of cognitive approaches essential. Stress is considered as an event that has different variables and is influenced by individual’s behaviors and exposures in life. This makes interpretation of fear to differ from one person to another with some viewing the construal of stress and as either positive or negative. Four cognitive factors have been identified to influence fear reception and response in individuals, which ultimately determines their ability to change old habits. Appraisal, retribution, self-efficacy and general stress perception are four cognitive elements essential in the development of stress responses in an individual (Voisin, Stone & Becker, 2013). Initial response to

Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system Essay

Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system of organization - Essay Example Problem of red tape is often related with the term Bureaucracy. Effectiveness of bureaucratic management may be analyzed on the basis of how a formal organization relies on promptly defined hierarchical levels and different specific roles to maintain effectiveness and efficiency. It is being noticed that often bureaucracy is criticized for its inflexibility, complexity and inefficiency. Over the years, experts like Max Weber have strongly argued the importance of bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is the most effective way through activities of human being can be organized within any organization. The presence of bureaucracy is there in every organization but degree of bureaucracy differs from one organization to other. This essay will critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an important and effective system of the organizations. In the course of this essay different theories of bureaucracy will be discussed. This essay will help to understand the deep rooted interrelationship betwee n bureaucracy and effectiveness of the organizations. This will be a step by step approach. The first name that comes to mind about the bureaucracy theory is German sociologist Max Weber. According to the theory of Weber, bureaucracy contains some characteristics. Those characteristics are very important for the effective system of organization. Those characteristics are Hierarchy, Specialization, Division of labour and Standard operating procedures. A hierarchy is a system with well defined span of command. This characteristic states that everyone has a boss in an organization. According to the theory the boss of organization supervises entire system. The power flows from the top management through the trickle down hypothesis (Durant, 2010). According to this theory subordinate follows the orders of superiors and can appeal against those orders. As per this theory bureaucrats are specialized persons for some specific areas of works. This provides

Introduction of the new Nokia Lumia Product Essay

Introduction of the new Nokia Lumia Product - Essay Example product development is crucial to survive in the global competitive environment especially when it comes to technology such as gadgets, mobile phones, tabs and other electronic devices. In the era of globalisation it becomes crucial for organisation to innovate new product to keep up with the competition in the global environment and secure a better market place. Timely and responsive new products have become more critical in the global environment and there arise the need to response quickly to the changing dynamics of global forces (Yelkur & Herbig, 1996, p. 38). Methodology Research methodology includes two forms of research, primary research and secondary research. Primary researches are conducted based on questionnaires, interviews and can be both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Secondary research is based on data which were already found and an analysis is made on the existing data. The methodology used to analyse the product introduced by Nokia, Nokia Lumia 820 and 920 in collaboration with Microsoft operating system are done mainly through secondary research. Data are collected from sources such as web, books, news and other relevant sources and are further analysed. Analysis and findings of Nokia and Microsoft are also based on SWOT analysis. Findings and Analysis According to IDC press release the global mobile phone market grew by 1% in the second quarter of 2012 where Apple and Samsung shipped half of the global Smartphone. With respect to the Operating System, Android has expanded its dominance in the global Smartphone market and accounted for 68% of the total Smartphone shipped in second quarter in 2012. According to findings, success of Android can be traced to Samsung accounting for 44%, iOS posted growth with double digit and remains at... This essay stresses that Nokia currently has been suffering from a major decline in market share leading to major loss for the company. Symbia which was the OS for Nokia did not help the company to generate enough revenue and as a result the company has partnered with Microsoft regarded as an opportunity for the company to increase its market share and profits. Nokia was facing a tough challenge from OS like Android, iOS due to the lack of innovation made by Nokia and also its slow response to match up the international market demands. Thus the advantage of pairing Nokia with Microsoft will be beneficial for both as within six months of the launch of Lumia Nokia from zero percentage went up to a third of the overall windows phone devices in the US. Nokia which was once the market leader in the mobile category had recently suffered a setback in the smart phone category and is trying to catch up with Apple and Samsung. This paper makes a conclusion that the management decision to partner with Microsoft has resulted to be beneficial for Nokia as the growth rate has increased within the six months of its launch of Nokia Lumia 820 and 920. In the competitive mobile Smartphone market, Nokia was lagging behind the market leaders Samsung and Apple and had suffered huge loss. Now entering into partnership with Microsoft it hope to regain back its lost market share and introduce new range of products with exciting features.

Provision and planning for the outdoor environment

Provision and planning for the outdoor environment Discuss with reference to curriculum documentation and relevant research literature the importance of effective provision and planning for outdoor play and exploration in UK early years settings. In this assignment I am going to look at why it is relevant for effective provision and planning for the outdoor environment in the early years in the UK. Outdoor play is a vital element of young childrens physical, social and emotional development. Play is a young childs activity for learning. Therefore making the most of outdoor play is essential, providing plenty of experiences in a varied manner for children, early years settings are in a unique position to offer these, fully integrated with the indoors. The four aspects of Birth to Three Matters Framework include examples of experiences that very young children should have both indoors and outdoors. Similarly, the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage includes many ideas for taking learning outside. All six areas of learning can be effectively promoted, from the earliest stepping stones through to the early learning goals at the end of foundation stage. The statutory framework for the Early Years Foundation stage: setting and standards for learning, development and care for children from birth to five. (DCSF 2008) states the following in relation to the outdoor environment; Wherever possible, there should be access to an outdoor play area and this is the expected norm for providers. The indoor and outdoor environments (should be linked) so that children can move freely between them. A rich and varied environment supports childrens learning and development. It gives them the confidence to explore and learn in secure and safe yet challenging, indoor and outdoor spaces. Children must have opportunities play indoors and outdoors. All early year providers must have access to an outdoor play area which can benefit the children. If the setting does not have direct access to an outdoor play area they must make arrangements for daily opportunities for outdoor play in an appropriate nearby location. Being outdoors has a positive impact on childrens sense of well-being and helps all aspects of childrens development. (See EYFS Statutory Framework (p.35 and 37); EYFS Practice Guidance (p.7) and Principles into Practice card 3.3: Enabling Environments- the Learning Environment). The EYFS statutory framework for the EYFS is put in place so that every child in a setting environment has the best possible experience of the outdoors, as so much learning and development goes on within the outdoors and to cover the six early learning goals. The outdoors offers a unique environment, which is very different from the indoors. It offers space and freedom to try things out, to explore and experiment without the constraints associated with an indoor environment (Tovey 2007). Some opportunities for learning can only happen outside. The experience of a change in the weather, finding insects, making a large scale construction/painting all of these motivate children into mental and physical engagement, and can only be done outside. In fact all learning goals can be achieved outside while the childrens health and well-being are also being boosted. Outside children can run fast, shout and squeal and find out what their bodies and voices can really do (Ouvry, 2008). The space is more open, less confided and the greater space; the more unrestricted the movement possibilities. Indoors is a space where adults are in control, but outdoors as fewer restrictions, where children can escape the controlling eyes of adults (Stephenson 2002). The four main thinkers of early childhood towards the curriculum, advocating outdoor provision as essential for childrens learning and development are; Friedrich Froebel , Margaret McMillan ,Susan Issacs and Maria Montessori. These four all held the view that the young child is first and foremost a whole person, with thoughts, feelings and imagination that need to be cared for and cherished (Curtis 1986. P.5).They all believed in a child centred approach and free-flow play. Young children are motivated and wish to learn, they dont have to be sat at a table quietly (Curtis 1986). Friedrich Froebel argued that play was a serious and significant activity for the young child. David Cohen (1987) suggests that Froebel was the first educator to use childrens play for practical purposes. In order to help children learn through play Froebel devised series of playthings and games (Bruce 1991). As Curtis (1986 p.6) points out, he used the timeless playthings of childhood in his curriculum. Balls, boards, sand, clay, for example, have made up childrens play throughout the ages. The role of the adult is crucial in Froebels approach to play. Cohen however doesnt agree that children should learn particular things, as that would be to advocate play as preparation for life. Froebel valued play because it helped children to make meaning, and as Janet Moyles (1989 p.168) points out the importance of adults and children being equal partners in play, as in conversation (Bruce 1991). Janet Moyles (1989, p.24) points out that Froebel pioneered the theory of firsthand experience as the basis of play, but this was entirely different to that, Seguin (1812-1880), who developed learning though the senses for disabled children. This curriculum was aimed towards a particular direction. However, Froebels approach to play was targeted at all childrens needs, rather than Seguin, who concentrated on disadvantaged children (Bruce 1991). As Yvonne Conolly (1983) points out (OMEP), A good Curriculum is a good curriculum for all (in Bruce, 1987, Ch.9). Margaret McMillan, pioneer of nursery education campaigned for an education centred on the garden. She was the first person to model a nursery with children flowing freely between the inside and outside environment she quoted; The best classroom and the richest cupboard is roofed by the sky. She put so much emphasis on the outdoor environment that it has been recognised by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in its good practice guidelines for the early learning goals, which repeatedly stress those young children, should have access to a well-planned outdoors (Ouvry 2008). McMillan expanded on the ideas of Froebel, to see children playing as the integrated activity. It was through the garden that we see her begin to develop the free-flow play side of the curriculum. It is interesting to see that for Froebel, McMillan and Issacs, it was the childs free play in the outdoors that led to their greatest contributions to the early childhood educational curriculum (Bruce 1991). Issacs valued free-flow play because it gave children freedom in their actions, thoughts and emotional expression. Issacs further stressed that play also meets the emotional needs of a child, as they express all emotional during play (Bruce 1991). Montessori, who was also a pioneer for education, she thought it was an insult to children to suggest they should play. Montessori provided children with specific sense training apparatus which she expected them to use in an exact manner within the classroom, whereas McMillan believed children gained better sensory experience by playing in the garden (Bruce, 1991). Surely if practitioners are planning and setting up the activities that a child plays outdoors it is not really the childs freedom of choice, in a way it is still like the Montessori approach. Both Sylva and Bruner argued, in the 1980s, that structure is a characteristic of materials and activities themselves. Structured activities such as construction are the most challenging and unstructured materials, such as sand and water, and open ended resources, outdoors lack any clear goal structure and, therefore, do not challenge childrens minds (Bruner 1980; Sylva et al 1980). Ouvry (2008) suggests making the most out of the outdoor area is also important, so that the children in that setting have the best opportunities possible and the changing of resources provided should be different daily. Also, it is important that the children have the opportunity to explore different resources and not stick with their favourite all the time i.e. bicycles. So Bruner and Sylvas research isnt very clear as all settings have a number of different opportunities for children to do in the outdoors environment, structured and unstructured. Children learn from them all in different ways and they are all targeting the six areas of learning. Piaget saw movement and physical development as the provision for higher levels of thinking. However Smith (p.68) argues this point and believes it is stillness we have to justify, not movement. Early Years children cant be sat down all day they need freedom to express themselves and explore their environment in order to learn new things, sitting down is going to make them more likely to disengage with what is going on. If movement is such an important aspect of a childs development, access to outdoor space must be part of a daily routine in order to nurture this mind-body growth. Children want space at all ages. But from the age of one to seven, space, that is ample space, almost as much wanted as food and air. To move, to run, to find things out by new movement, to feel ones life in every limb, that is the life of early childhood. So said Margaret McMillan (1930) Childrens entitlement to high quality outdoor play experiences is strongly supported throughout the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Framework and early years providers have a statutory duty to facilitate daily outdoor opportunities all year round for the children in their care. (See EYFS Statutory Framework (p.35 and 37); EYFS Practice Guidance (p.7) and Principles into Practice card 3.3: Enabling Environments- the Learning Environment). When children are denied adequate space they often feel desperately frustrated and this can lead to uncooperative behaviour. Research has shown that in environments that enable children to move about, to collaborate with others and take frequent breaks during calm activities, the behaviour of children who have a tendency to lose their temper or get over excited is less disturbing (Berk, l. E and Winsler, A 1995). This therefore shows that the tendency for children to shout and squeal and run around and be very hyperactive is taken outside there that type of behaviour is accessible (Ouvry 2008). Ouvry (2008) states that boys brains mature in a different sequence to those of girls and in some areas, at a slower rate. Boys first develop the parts of the brain for knowing about movement and space in which they have to move themselves and other things. Other areas of the curriculum then arise meaningfully out of play. Girls, stereotypically like playing imaginatively in the home corner and working with and alongside adults. Girls come to an understanding of adult world through domestic play and talk; they use reading and writing in their play because their brains are more developed for language at the three to five year old stage. The whole emphasis on activities that focus on children who are good at talking, fitting in, quick at learning and understanding other peoples intentions. Boys can tend to feel uncomfortable because they tend to feel more secure in the outdoor environment, where they can be themselves and still learn from their experiences just in a different manner. By the setting giving less attention to the outdoors environment and quality of outdoor play, they may be denying access to education to a significant number of boys (Bilton, H. 1998). The outdoor space must be viewed as an essential teaching and learning environment which is linked with the learning that goes on inside, but with even greater status because it allows for children to learn through movement. If we believe that young children learn through play and that play is thought in action- then offering children a playing space outdoors would seem the most effective means to fulfil their need to play, learning through first hand experiences and cooperate with others, that also cover the six main learning goals (Ouvry. 2008). Despite the much higher profile given to outdoor play in recent years with the introduction of the Curriculum Guidance for the foundation stage (QCA 2000), there is still evidence that the purpose and value of outdoor play is not well understood'(Tovey. 2007). Many practitioners have an unconscious belief that effective learning only happens when children are still, quiet and calm, with a pencil and paper at hand and with a teacher nearby to offer instruction. The idea that when children are physically active, many people believe they cant be learning anything to do with the curriculum (Ouvry 2008). But then what about forest schools, they are based outside all of the time and are still based on the curriculum and the learning intentions are still met and this is all due to planning for the six areas of learning. It is certainly true that if the outdoors is not well planned and the setting does not have clear aims for the childrens learning outside, then practitioners may find it difficult to see any worthwhile learning going on outside. This is however true when considering any environment for young children inside or outside. Without clarity of aims and learning intentions for children in play situations, it is impossible to know what to look for when observing the children or to know how to further the childrens learning. Structuring the environment and supporting childrens learning is as important outside as in (Ouvry 2008). The key person working with a four-year-old child may have observed on several occasions that the child is rather unsteady when moving around the outside area. The practitioner then plans to build an obstacle course to give the child lots of opportunities to use a wide range of physical movements. These then support the planning for enhanced provision. In many cases, this planned adjustment and enrichment of some aspect of the settings provision will also be relevant to other children in a group. Many of the other children in the group will enjoy helping to build and develop the obstacle course and will join the focus child in actively using and enjoying the challenges it offers. The right of the child to rest and leisure and engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and arts. (UNICEF 1989). There are constraints and fears that limit childrens opportunities for play particularly outdoors, deprive children of essential childhood experiences and opportunities- opportunities to develop friendships and to make relationships, to experience all emotions, to take risks, have adventures and misadventures, to have contact with nature and the environment (Casey, T. 2007). Children need to climb, run, jump, an bash balls against walls (Lewis Howdle, lecture, RIHE,1980). http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/83976 http://www3.hants.gov.uk/childrens-services/childcare/providers/childcarepublications/horizons/horizons-issue-16/outdoor-learning-and-the-eyfs.htm http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/151379 http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/132681 http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/planning-quality-provision-early-years-5276

The Book Of Sand Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jorge Luis Borges is a famous Spanish author, known best for his short stories. In this paper, I will discuss several short stories written by Mr. Borges, what influenced him in his writings, and a brief history of his place of origin, Argentina. Borges' The Book of Sand is the story of a man who is visited by a stranger trying to sell a "holy book" called the Book of Sand. The narrator looks at the book and is unable to see the first or last pages of it because, as the stranger explains, the number of pages is infinite. The narrator is fascinated by the book and buys it, only to become obsessed with it, until the point that it is all he thinks about. He eventually gets rid of it by mixing it up in a pile of many other books in his basement. As will be discussed in this paper, Borges wrote philosophy in a lot of his works. In The Book of Sand, infinity is depicted in the form of a mysterious book. It symbolizes man's constant search for the world's existence. Borges is saying that it is an endless search and therefore pointless. The Other is the story of Borges sitting on a bench, as he feels as though he had lived that moment already. He begins to speak to the man seated besides him, and finds out the stranger has the same name, and the same address as he does. When Borges asks the man what year it is, the man answers 1918, even though it is 1969. It is then that the narrator figures out he is talking to the person whom he was fifty-one years earlier. He then tells "the other" him of the future, after which they part, knowing they will never meet like this again. This story deals with time. The author is very nostalgic and lives for his memories. It also is a philosophical story where Borges expresses his doubt that we all may "just be an image of a greater being". The Mirror and the Mask is the story of an Irish king who tells a poet to write a poem describing his power. The poet wrote a praise of his fighting success, and in reward for the excellent poem, the king gives the poet a beautiful mirror and tells him to write another poem. In reward for his next work, the king gives the poet a mask. The king then asks for a third poem and receives a one line poem of perfection and in return gives him an elaborate dagger. The poet feels it to be a sin to hear such perfection and so he stabs himself with the dagger. The king ... ...s for his interest in eternity and his desire for control of time. He admits in his poems that time moves on, the world changes, that he will grow old, and that the past is gone forever. He says that one can only rely on their memories (as he expresses in The Other). In his fifties, Borges becomes blind, but continues to lecture in colleges and conferences around the world. During his lifetime, Borges was nominated several times for the Noble Prize in Literature. He wrote alot of short stories, literary reviews (based on books that never existed), poems and more. Although he passed away on June 14, 1986, his writings live on to be shared with all generations. When Borges was born, Hipolito Yrigoyen headed the Radical Civic Union. General Roca was president at that time and he defended the middle class (which was what Borges was). Argentina had alot of trade with Britain and helped the economy to flourish. The people became more educated. As you can see, Borges' greatest influences were his childhood, familial background, and people he met while starting to write. Borges writings are enjoyable and thought provoking. I definitely recommend it to people interested in philosophy.

Dual Identities Essay

What is identity? We know from intuitive self-awareness that personal identity exists. It seems to be a fact of conscious life, as common as the word â€Å"I.† But the real question is how to define it? I have come to realize that there is no set definition on what makes an identity, so if my understanding is correct anything and everything can make an identity. There is no wrong answer. It varies from person to person. For example Andre Dubus, the author of â€Å"Witness†makes his identity clear through stories in which he shows his disability. In his case having a disability is part of his identity â€Å"I cannot stand or walk . . . I cannot live as normals do.† As for myself, I can relate, although not to the extent as Dubus, I can understand the anger that goes along with a disability. My disability is anemia, and while most people that suffer from anemia do not see anything other than minor side effects, I do. I am severely anemic, and so it affects my everyday life. I have trouble getting up in the morning because I am too tired, even after a good night sleep. I have to take iron pills and I eat red meat almost every day. Furthermore, I have seen more doctors than I wish to remember and they all tell me the same thing â€Å"you’ll grow out of it.† â€Å"Really, thanks Doctor, you’ve been so helpful,† I reply sarcastically. Few people know about my sickness, which I plan to keep that way. For some reason I feel that if many people knew about it they would feel bad for me, and could possibly think I was weak, which is the last thing that I want. Part of my identity is being strong and un-afraid, which is a difficult thing to pull off for a girl. Dave Barry the author of â€Å"Guys vs. Men† thinks that a lot of men give â€Å"guys† a bad name. Just like Barry I think that a lot of girls give females a bad name. Let me explain. I think that a lot of girls are overly dramatic, way too emotional, and acted dumber than they really are, for reasons that are very unclear to me. I know that I am feeding into the stereotype, but some girls fit the stereotype too well to not comment on. I refuse to take guff from anyone, unless I deserve it, and I speak what is on my mind. I have heard that I can be very threatening, but I do not believe that I should refrain from speaking my mind when I see it necessary.  In Keith Bradshers essay â€Å"Reptile Dreams† Clotaire Rapaille describes teens very well by commenting that â€Å"They want to give the message, †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢I want to be able to fight back, don’t mess with me.'† Clotaire seems to sum up the thoughts of the American youth very well, or at least me. I think that I acquired that aspect of my identity from when I lived in Los Angeles. Zora Neal Hurston explains it well â€Å"I left Eatonville, †¦as Zora†¦When I disembarked on the river boat†¦She was no more,† in her essay â€Å"How if feels to be Colored Me.†She expressed exactly how I felt when I moved to Sacramento. I felt like I wasn’t myself anymore. When I lived in Los Angeles I developed an eclectic personality; because I was friends with so many different types of people I took on other aspects of my personality. Unfortunately because I lived in LA I always had to have my guard up, im not sure how to explain it correctly other than, if you lived there you would understand. For the most part everyone had to fend for themselves, and if you weren’t able to do that than you were a follower of someone who did. I later came to realize that ones sense of self, or ones identity is developed through, among other things, external influences including friends, family, and situations. Now looking back I can see where I have gotten my attitude. I’m smart mouthed, sarcastic, and blunt. Through those traits I have also acquired nicknames. A recent nickname as of this summer was, â€Å"Ms. Attitude.† This summer I went wake-boarding with some family friends, their friends, and my best friend. So basically it was my friend and I, and 7 guys. What I came to realize though this summer, is that most guys aren’t used to girls that talk back. Because I am very sarcastic the guys were very surprised, which is why I developed the nickname. They thought it was hilarious, and I was recently told by one of them that they miss my attitude, so I guess I left an impression. What is shocking to me though, is that I usually get that reaction from most guys, which leads me to believe that they have never met any girls from LA. I moved last summer before senior year to Granite Bay, and attended Granite Bay High School my senior year. I moved from my moms house to my dads house,  willingly, to avoid a lot of un-necessary drama. The move was quite unexpected for everyone but myself. I left because I came to realize that my friends were no longer my friends. Many of my friends had begun to do some very hard drugs, and so I no longer wanted to be around them. I knew it was a bad environment, so I left. I have always been very independent and have never relied on anyone else to make decisions for me. I only did what I thought was right, yet after sharing my story with a few new friends in Nor*Cal I witnessed a lot of jaw-dropping, everyone thought that it was such a big deal. My identity quickly developed, I was the girl from L.A. I valued that identity, I almost felt like superman, I was Clark Kent when I was home in LA, and Superman when I was in Sacramento. I say Superman because a lot of people kind of looked at me like that, like I was invincible. I was like nothing any of them were used to. Other than being influenced from where one lives or lived, I believe that family can have a huge impact on ones identity. For instance, because I was raised by my mom, I turned out differently than if I was raised by my dad. If I was raised by my dad I think I would have turned out much more emotionally detached, and much more independent. I say this because my dads a guy, he doesn’t seem to care about anything other than himself and definitely shows no sign of emotion or feeling, that means no hugs. If I was raised by him Im sure I would have had a job at thirteen and would probably be living on my own now. But because I was raised by my mom I grew being very spoiled, because my mom believes that school is more important than work so I was never allowed to get a job. Unfortunately I grew up having everything handed to me. Which is good because I got everything that I wanted very easily, but bad because I got used to having everything handed to me. In addition, because I grew up living with my mom I became more compassionate and caring because that’s what I was taught. I consider the way I was raised part of my identity, I grew up with very strong ties to my family and that’s part of who I am. In conclusion, I believe that there is no one way to decipher where an identity can come from. So once again what is identity? humans are the only animal that can be aware of oneself, and so we are also the only animal to  contemplate who we are, and why we are that way. Through this constant mission of self discovery everyone seems to have an ever-changing view on their personal identity. It is a fact of conscious life, as common as the word â€Å"I,† to want to know who we are. I have come to realize that there is no set definition on what makes an identity, so if my understanding is correct anything and everything can make an identity. There is no wrong answer. It seems to vary from person to person and if any given event, person, action, etc, has effected someone greatly enough it can become part of their identity, even unknowingly. For me writing this paper was a mission of self discovery, I have never really considered who I am other than the obvious. I now know who I am and why I am the way I am. To me that was the hardest thing to answer. Why?

Agesim 3

Thompson, 2006,comments that it is important â€Å"that due regard is given to questions of good practice in working with older people-that is, to the development of anti-ageist practice. † The Author will now discuss the above with particular attention drawn to Ageist &Anti-Ageist practice. The Theoretical framework applicable to aging & its implications on policy & practice within social care work with elderly people. Hughes & Mtezuka (1992) describes ageism as â€Å"the social process through which negative images of & attitudes towards older people, based solely on the characteristics of old age itself, result in discrimination. The Author whilst researching this topic came across various forms of ageist practices solely for the purpose of this essay several have been selected to briefly discuss. Firstly stereotyping all elderly people with less favourable assumptions such as â€Å"All elderly people are Dependent on Society. † â€Å"Ageism has the effect of under mining a sense of dignity and the self-esteem which partly depends on it. Ageism marginalizes, excludes and demoralises. †(Thompson, 2006. In Contrast with an Anti-Ageist practice where an assessment is recommended and an intervention is then put in place based on this assessment rather than on assumptions. According to Thompson â€Å"A key task within a programme of developing anti-ageist practice must therefore be the promotion of dignity and the enhancement of self-esteem-counterbalance to the prevalence of negative stereotypes. † A very Common Drawback in Ageist practice with social care workers is the applying of Medical terminology such as â€Å"treatment† and â€Å"diagnosis†. Whereas a less ageist approach would be in the utilization of social care terminology such as â€Å"Interventions† and â€Å"Assessments†, which have less of an impact on the Elderly persons Self-esteem and Self-Image, where becoming elderly is viewed as another stage in life rather than associated with illnesses such as strokes, heart attacks and deafness. A very visible Ageist practice is one, which was developed by the welfare state. Higgs (1998) discusses the welfare States role in producing or at least, reinforcing what can be described as â€Å"structured dependency. This is very evident in the implementing of the compulsory retirement age of 65 in Ireland, which Gerontologists categorize as â€Å"young old. † Where citizens lose their independence of earning and now rely on social funding and savings. For many elderly people reaching this retirement age can have various implications to their self-esteem and self worth. Social policies like so can be very exclusive, as Elderly people don’t have a voice when they can retire. However an Anti-Ageist practice is promoting interdependency & avoidance of a dependency nature and a change in exclusive ageist policies. The retirement age in England is to be abolished in October 2011 according to Age UK who campaigned for anti age discrimination legislation for four years a step, which would be welcomed in Ireland to abolish ageism and ageist practices. As Phillipson (1989) puts it: â€Å"Fostering the idea of interdependency needs, then, to become part of a new radical philosophy for work with older people. It provides recognition of the help older people need from us, as well as the rewards to be gained from giving this help. It also reminds us of the skills possessed by older people and the resources these might provide for activities and campaigns within the community. † Another familiar form of Ageist practice is the use of de-personalising terms. Terms of which are used in a very innocent manner but can be patronising towards elderly people. Examples of such terms are â€Å"Old dears† or â€Å"How are the girls? † when addressing elderly women, suggesting they are childlike which the Author will discuss later on. To avoid this Ageist practice a more Anti-Ageist practice should be adapted with more awareness of the use of language used when addressing elderly people. Lastly as briefly pointed out previously is the adaptation of Infantilisation within the ageist practice. Here Social care workers see Elderly people as if they are children with the rise of elderly abuse social care workers now see a strong need for protection however the ageist risk that comes with this is that elderly peoples decision making capacity is now looked at and within an ageist practice there voice is not heard. Norman (1987) once said â€Å"we deny them, as we deny children, the right to take responsibility for heir sexuality, their behaviour and their risk taking. † The Author shall now explore various theories in aging and how they impact on policy and practice in social care work with older people. The first theory to explore is that of Erikson 1992 is the last stage in his lifespan development this stage is â€Å"Ego Integrity v Despair. † This is experienced according to Erikison is at the later stage of adulthood 60 and over when the older person â⠂¬Å"experiences an increasing awareness of their limits of time-a realization of inevitable, impending death. () Which in turn creates a final life crisis where she reflects back on her life at what she has achieved and what she had failed to. Failure to achieve Ego Integrity causes the individual to experience feelings of anxiety hopelessness and despair. However it is said, â€Å"Those who use their growing capacity for philosophical reflection to achieve a degree of self satification are less fearful of death†(Bee, 2006. ) Havighursts anti-ageist Activity theory 1940 then in contrast to Erikison theory is based around denying aging for as long as possible and keeping active in the later stages of adulthood. Within the context of this theory, activity can be viewed broadly as physical or intellectual. Therefore, even with illness or advancing age, the older person can remain â€Å"active† and achieve a sense of life satification†() Cumming and henrys Disengagem ent theory of the 1960s is an ageist theory, which is focused around scaling down the elderly persons life. The question here to be asked is who disengages from whom is it the society disengages from the elderly person? Does the elderly person consciously decide to disengage or is it factors out of their reach, which causes society to disengage. Returning to again the compulsory retirement age society disengages from people age 65 and older in the work place. â€Å"Continuity theory is a theory of continuous adult development and adaptation. Adult development and aging, including the evolution of various components of the self, occur in the context of particular social structures†() This theory greatly contradicts the other theory’s where the lderly person is to come to terms with what they had achieved and failed, the immense of death, to deny aging and lastly disengage and scale down there life. However this theory suggests elderly people are just continuing living there life’s whether they were highly involved in the community or where passive and satisfied with there own company. However ageist practices and attitudes prohibit such where the elderly person is seen as vulnera ble, childlike, ill and taught to take the disengagement theory or Erikisons model to scale down ones life. Therefore the Author Concludes this essay where she has pointed out the importance thatâ€Å"due regard is given to questions of good practice in working with older people-that is, to the development of anti-ageist practice† over ridding ageist theorists assumptions of elderly people in today’s society. The Author has clearly pointed out visible ageist practices but has contrasted these with the appropriated anti-ageist practices. In addition to this the Author has explored theories in aging and has given several examples on how these theories impact on policy and practice in social care work with older people.